Batista (y Zaldívar), Fulgencio

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Cuban right-wing dictator, dictator-president 1934–44 and 1952–59. Having led the September 1933 coup to install Ramón Grau San Martín in power, he forced Grau's resignation in 1934 to become Cuba's effective ruler, as formal president from 1940. Exiled in the USA 1944–49, he ousted President Carlos Prío Socarrás in a military coup in 1952. His authoritarian methods enabled him to jail his opponents and amass a large personal fortune. He was overthrown by rebel forces led by Fidel Castro in 1959. Batista fled to the Dominican Republic and later to Portugal. He died in Spain.

During his first presidency Batista sponsored economic and social reforms, influenced by European fascist-corporatism, but at the 1944 presidential elections his preferred candidate was defeated by Grau and he went into exile. After deposing Socarrás, whose regime was tainted with corruption, Batista suspended the constitution and held a rigged election in 1954. His increasing authoritarianism provoked uprisings and, after a derided sham election in 1958, he was overthrown on 1 January 1959 by Castro, whose rebel forces had waged a three-year-long insurgency.

White was added to the flag to identify Bahrain as a friendly state. Red was the traditional colour of the Kharijite Sect. In 2002 the number of serrations were reduced to five, possibly representing the five pillars of Islam. Effective date: 19 August 1972. >>